Subatomárnej

Subatomárnej refers to anything smaller than an atom. This includes the fundamental particles that make up atoms, such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. It also encompasses even smaller, more fundamental particles like quarks and leptons, as well as the force-carrying particles like photons and gluons. The study of these subatomic entities and their interactions is the domain of particle physics.

Protons and neutrons reside in the atom's nucleus, while electrons orbit this nucleus in shells. Protons carry a positive electric charge, electrons a negative one, and neutrons are electrically neutral. Quarks are the building blocks of protons and neutrons, with different types called "flavors." Leptons include electrons and neutrinos. The strong nuclear force, mediated by gluons, holds quarks together within protons and neutrons, and also binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus. The electromagnetic force, mediated by photons, governs interactions between charged particles.

The behavior of subatomic particles often defies classical physics, requiring the principles of quantum mechanics for accurate description. Phenomena such as superposition and entanglement are characteristic of the subatomic realm. Understanding these particles and forces is crucial for comprehending the fundamental nature of matter and the universe.