Strålskada

Strålskada refers to damage to living tissue caused by ionizing radiation. This damage can occur from external sources like X-rays or gamma rays, or from internal sources if radioactive materials are ingested or inhaled. The severity of strålskada depends on several factors, including the type of radiation, the dose received, the duration of exposure, and the sensitivity of the exposed tissue.

Acute strålskada, also known as radiation sickness, can manifest within hours or days of exposure to a high dose of radiation. Symptoms vary depending on the dose and can include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hair loss, skin burns, and damage to the bone marrow, leading to a weakened immune system. In severe cases, acute strålskada can be fatal.

Chronic strålskada results from prolonged exposure to lower doses of radiation over time. This type of damage is often more insidious and can increase the risk of developing certain cancers, as radiation can damage DNA and lead to mutations. Other long-term effects can include cataracts, infertility, and cardiovascular disease.

The biological mechanisms behind strålskada involve the ionization of atoms and molecules within cells, leading to the formation of free radicals. These reactive molecules can then damage vital cellular components such as DNA, proteins, and cell membranes. Cells have repair mechanisms, but if the damage is too extensive or the repair mechanisms are overwhelmed, cell death or mutations can occur. Protective measures and dose limitations are crucial in minimizing the risk of strålskada in medical, industrial, and research settings.