Stomogens

Stomogens are a class of signaling molecules that play a crucial role in embryonic development, particularly in the formation of epithelial tissues. These molecules are characterized by their ability to induce changes in cell shape and behavior, leading to the invagination and folding of epithelial sheets. The term "stomogen" is derived from the Greek words "stoma" meaning mouth and "genesis" meaning formation, reflecting their involvement in the development of oral structures.

The precise molecular identity of stomogens can vary depending on the specific developmental context. However, they are generally believed to be secreted factors that bind to receptors on target cells. This binding event triggers intracellular signaling pathways that ultimately alter the cytoskeleton and cell-cell adhesion properties of the epithelial cells. These alterations facilitate the mechanical processes required for tissue morphogenesis, such as the formation of tubes, vesicles, and folds.

Research into stomogens has primarily focused on their roles in the development of the nervous system, sensory organs, and the digestive tract. For instance, they are implicated in the formation of the neural tube, the precursor to the brain and spinal cord, and in the development of the lens of the eye. Understanding the mechanisms by which stomogens operate provides valuable insights into the fundamental principles of embryonic development and the origins of congenital malformations.