Stateterritory

Stateterritory, in political geography and international law, refers to the geographic area over which a state exercises its sovereignty and jurisdiction. It typically includes land within defined borders and internal waters, and in many contexts extends to airspace above and, in maritime law, to territorial seas and subsoil resources. The precise extent of a state’s territory is determined by a combination of constitutional provisions, treaties, and customary international law, and can change through negotiation, settlements, or adjudication.

Within a sovereign state, the territory serves as the basis for governance and administration. Government authorities have the power to legislate, police, tax, and provide public services within the territory, subject to constitutional constraints and, in federal systems, to the division of powers between central and regional authorities.

Boundary delineation can be straightforward or contested. Territorial borders may be fixed by natural features, lines agreed in treaties, or, in some cases, contested by disputes that require diplomatic negotiation or international legal resolution. Changes to territory can occur through processes such as secession, unification, purchase, conquest, or decolonization, and often involve considerations of national identity, resource rights, and security.

The concept distinguishes territory from the population and from the government. In federal or decentralized states, the term may also be used to describe the geographic area governed by a constituent unit, illustrating variations in how states organize authority across space. See also sovereignty, borders, territorial integrity, jurisdiction, and territorial waters.