Standardmodells

The Standardmodells, or the Standard Model of particle physics, is the prevailing framework describing the fundamental particles and their interactions, excluding gravity. It is a quantum field theory based on the gauge symmetry group SU(3)c × SU(2)L × U(1)Y and classifies matter into fermions and bosons. The fermions comprise quarks and leptons organized into three generations. The bosons include the gauge bosons of the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces, namely photons, W and Z bosons, and gluons, as well as the Higgs boson, which arises from the Higgs field.

In the Standard Model, quarks come in six flavors (up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom) and leptons include the electron, muon, tau, each accompanied by a corresponding neutrino. Interactions are mediated by gauge bosons: photons for electromagnetism, W± and Z for the weak force, and gluons for the strong force. Fermion masses are generated through Yukawa couplings to the Higgs field after electroweak symmetry breaking, which also endows the W and Z bosons with mass. Flavor mixing among quarks is described by the CKM matrix, while neutrino mixing is described by the PMNS matrix in extensions that include neutrino masses.

The Standard Modell has achieved extraordinary experimental success, including precise tests of electroweak theory and the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. However, it does not incorporate gravity, and phenomena such as dark matter, the matter–antimatter asymmetry, and dark energy lie beyond its scope. Neutrino masses require physics beyond the original formulation, motivating various beyond-Standard-Model theories. The model remains highly successful but is regarded as incomplete. In German-language literature the term is das Standardmodell, with the genitive form des Standardmodells.