Spätmittelzeit

The Spätmittelzeit, or Late Middle Ages, refers to the period in European history roughly spanning from the mid-14th century to the late 15th century. This era followed the High Middle Ages and preceded the Early Modern period. It was a time of significant transition and upheaval, marked by both profound challenges and remarkable developments.

One of the most devastating events of the Spätmittelzeit was the Black Death, a pandemic that swept across Europe in the mid-14th century, causing widespread mortality and social disruption. This demographic crisis had long-lasting effects on the economy, labor relations, and even religious beliefs. The weakened feudal system experienced further strain, with peasant revolts and demands for greater rights becoming more common.

However, the Spätmittelzeit also witnessed advancements in various fields. Universities continued to grow and develop, fostering intellectual inquiry. Trade networks expanded, leading to the rise of prosperous merchant classes and the growth of towns and cities. Artistic and architectural styles evolved, with Gothic architecture reaching its zenith before giving way to the early Renaissance in some regions. Political developments included the consolidation of royal power in some kingdoms and the Hundred Years' War between England and France, which had a profound impact on national identities. The invention of the printing press towards the end of this period would also set the stage for even more dramatic changes in the centuries to come.