Sintezës

Sintezës is the process of forming a more complex substance by combining two or more precursor components. In a broad sense, it encompasses chemical synthesis, biological synthesis, and industrial production, where simpler starting materials are transformed through chemical reactions or biological pathways into target compounds or materials. The term is widely used across chemistry, biochemistry, and materials science.

In chemistry, synthesis refers to the deliberate planning and execution of a sequence of reactions to assemble a desired molecule. This often involves choosing appropriate reagents, protecting groups, catalysts, and reaction conditions to control yield, selectivity, and stereochemistry. Retrosynthesis, a planning approach developed in the mid-20th century, helps chemists work backward from the target to simpler building blocks. Industrial synthesis focuses on scalability, cost, safety, and environmental impact, including attempts to use greener, more sustainable methods.

Sintezës includes several major branches. Chemical synthesis covers organic, inorganic, and organometallic routes to small molecules, polymers, and materials. Biological or biosynthesis occurs within living organisms, producing complex natural products and biomolecules. Total synthesis aims to construct an entire complex molecule from simple precursors, often to demonstrate feasibility or study structure–function relationships.

Applications of sintezës span pharmaceuticals, agrichemicals, polymers, dyes, flavors and fragrances, and advanced materials. Key challenges include achieving high selectivity, minimizing waste, reducing energy use, and developing scalable, environmentally friendly processes. The field continues to advance through new catalytic methods, computational planning, and integrated approaches to sustainable synthesis.