Silla

Silla, also known as Sil-la, was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, governing much of the Korean Peninsula from about 57 BCE to 935 CE. Founded in the southeast, it gradually expanded and, with the aid of alliances, rose to dominance among the kingdoms of Baekje and Goguryeo. In the 7th century, Silla allied with Tang China to defeat Goguryeo and Baekje, and by 668 the peninsula was largely unified under Silla, with the capital at Gyeongju (ancient Seorabeol). The Unified Silla period lasted roughly until 935, after which the Goryeo dynasty emerged.

Government and society: Silla was a hereditary monarchy supported by a powerful aristocracy organized under the bone-rank system, which determined eligibility for office and social privilege. The Hwabaek council of aristocrats advised on major matters, while the Hwarang, a famed corps of young warriors, helped promote state projects and Buddhist culture in the early era.

Culture and religion: Buddhism was promoted as a state ideology and played a central role in political and cultural life. Architectural and artistic achievements flourished, exemplified by prominent temples and stone sculptures. The period saw the construction of major religious sites such as Bulguksa and the Seokguram grotto, both later recognized as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Silla state adopted Chinese-style administration and writing, contributing to literacy and scholarship.

Decline and legacy: From the 9th century, internal factionalism, fiscal strain, and external pressures weakened central authority. Local powers gained strength, culminating in the rise of the Goryeo dynasty founded by Wang Geon, who unified the peninsula after Silla’s end. Silla left a lasting legacy in Korean culture, religion, and state formation, and its capital city of Gyeongju remains an important archaeological and historical site.