Shkaktohen

Shkaktohen is the present passive form of the Albanian verb shkaktoj, meaning to cause or to provoke. It expresses that a matter is caused by another factor rather than by the subject itself, and it is used with plural subjects. The singular present passive form is shkaktohet, while shkaktohen is used for plural.

Formation and usage: The base is shkakto-, with the present passive ending -hen for plural (and -het for singular). For example, problemi shkaktohet nga defektet, meaning “the problem is caused by defects,” whereas the active counterpart is stuhitë shkaktojnë problemet, meaning “the storms cause the problems.” Shkaktohen is commonly found in formal or written Albanian, including scientific, technical, and editorial contexts, and it can be followed by agent phrases introduced by nga or prej: shkaktohen nga një gabim njerëzor.

Common forms related to tense or voice include shkaktohet (singular present passive), shkaktohen (plural present passive), shkaktohej (imperfect passive), and shkaktohet (passive past participle in certain contexts). These forms help distinguish who or what is causing versus what is being caused.

Examples:

- Problemet shkaktohen nga defektet në pajisje. (The problems are caused by defects in the equipment.)

- Incidentet shkaktohen nga moszbatimi i masave të sigurisë. (The incidents are caused by the failure to implement safety measures.)

Related terms: shkaktoj (to cause), shkakton (he/she/it causes), shkaktohet (is/are caused). Shkaktohen should not be confused with shkaktojnë, the active form meaning “they cause.”