Sedge

Sedges are grass-like plants in the family Cyperaceae, a diverse group of monocots that are not true grasses (Poaceae) or rushes (Juncaceae). There are about 5,500 species worldwide, with Carex the largest genus. The term “sedge” covers many genera within the family and generally refers to plants that form dense clumps or spreading mats in moist habitats.

Most sedges have solid, three-sided (triangular) stems with edges, a feature often used to distinguish them from grasses and rushes. Leaves are typically linear and arranged in three ranks along the stem. The inflorescences consist of small spikelets and are usually wind-pollinated; fruits are tiny dry achenes.

Sedges occur in a wide range of environments but are especially common in wetlands, marshes, riverbanks, and damp meadows. Some species tolerate dry or rocky sites. Many spread by rhizomes and form dense stands that stabilize soils and filter water, contributing to wetland structure and resilience.

Ecology and use: Sedges provide habitat for invertebrates and birds and participate in nutrient cycling in wetlands. Some species have notable uses: Cyperus papyrus was historically used to make papyrus; Cyperus esculentus yields edible tigernuts; many sedges are valued ornamentals in water gardens and restoration plantings.

Identification note: Given the diversity, precise species identification can be challenging. A common reminder is that sedges often have triangular, edge-like stems, in contrast to the round stems of rushes and the hollow stems with nodes found in many grasses.