Saimaannorppa

Saimaannorppa, or the Saimaa ringed seal (Pusa hispida saimensis), is a subspecies of ringed seal endemic to the Lake Saimaa region in southeastern Finland. It is one of Europe’s most endangered pinnipeds, with a population of a few hundred individuals and ongoing conservation efforts.

Distribution and habitat

The seals are confined to the Saimaa lake system, including its major lakes and connecting waterways. They haul out on rocky shores and islands and rely on winter ice for pupping and social activities when ice is present. Climate fluctuations and variable ice cover can affect pup survival and access to traditional haul-out sites.

Biology and ecology

Saimaa ringed seals feed mainly on freshwater fish such as perch, bream, vendace, and roach, using patient, low-energy foraging dives. Reproduction occurs in late winter; typically a female gives birth to a single pup and nurses it for several weeks before weaning. Pups are commonly born in snow lairs or sheltered shore sites; in winters with little snow, artificial lairs have been used to support pup survival.

Conservation and threats

The species is protected under Finnish law and EU Habitats Directive. Conservation measures focus on protecting breeding sites, reducing disturbance, managing fishing gear near pupping areas to reduce bycatch, and monitoring the population. Programs have included habitat protection, research, and the use of artificial snow lairs to assist pup rearing in challenging winters. The main threats are habitat loss and disturbance, bycatch, pollution, disease, and climate-related changes to ice cover and prey availability.

See also

Ringed seal, freshwater adaptation, biodiversity of Finland.