SGLT1Transporter

The SGLT1 transporter, also known as the sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1), is a membrane protein that plays a crucial role in the absorption of glucose from the intestinal lumen into the bloodstream. It is primarily expressed in the apical membrane of intestinal epithelial cells, particularly in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney and the small intestine. The SGLT1 transporter uses the electrochemical gradient of sodium ions to facilitate the active transport of glucose across the cell membrane.

SGLT1 is a homodimer, consisting of two identical subunits, each with 12 transmembrane domains. The transporter operates through a sodium-dependent, symport mechanism, where the binding of sodium ions to the extracellular side of the membrane induces a conformational change that allows glucose to bind and be transported into the cell. This process is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis and is regulated by various hormones, including insulin and glucagon.

SGLT1 inhibitors are a class of drugs used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. These inhibitors work by blocking the SGLT1 transporter, thereby reducing glucose reabsorption in the kidney and increasing urinary glucose excretion. This leads to a decrease in blood glucose levels and improved glycemic control. SGLT1 inhibitors are often used in combination with other antidiabetic medications and have been shown to have additional cardiovascular benefits.

The SGLT1 transporter is also involved in the reabsorption of other sugars, such as galactose and fructose, and is expressed in various tissues beyond the intestine and kidney, including the brain and pancreas. Its role in glucose transport and regulation makes it a significant target for both physiological and therapeutic interventions.