S102

S‑102 is a two‑stage sounding rocket developed by the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for atmospheric and space science research. The vehicle was designed to carry small scientific payloads to sub‑orbital altitudes of approximately 250 kilometres, enabling experiments that require brief periods of microgravity and studies of the upper atmosphere and near‑space environment. Construction of the S‑102 began in the early 2010s as part of NASA’s efforts to provide cost‑effective, high‑frequency launch opportunities for university and industry research teams. The rocket is built around a first stage using a solid‑fuel motor and a second stage that provides the final boost to target altitude. Its overall length is about 12 metres (39 feet) and it can lift payloads of around 200 kilograms (440 pounds) in a single flight.

The S‑102 has been launched from several U.S. launch sites, including White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico and Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. Notable missions include a 2017 flight that deployed instruments for studying ozone chemistry and a 2018 flight that tested a new high‑altitude weather sensor. The rocket’s relatively simple design and rapid turnaround make it attractive for educational institutions and small spacefaring organisations. In late 2020, NASA announced a partnership with a commercial aerospace startup to further develop the S‑102 platform for low‑cost space access, with plans to support a broader range of scientific and technology demonstration missions in the coming decade.