Rubbers

Rubbers refer to a family of elastic polymers, known scientifically as elastomers, that can be stretched and return to their original shape. The term encompasses natural rubber and a wide range of synthetic rubbers with varied properties. Together they are used in tires, seals, gloves, footwear, and many other products.

Natural rubber is primarily polyisoprene obtained from the latex of Hevea brasiliensis. After harvesting, latex is concentrated and formed into sheets or shaped products. Vulcanization, typically with sulfur, creates cross-links between polymer chains, improving strength, elasticity, and heat resistance.

Synthetic rubbers are produced by polymerizing various monomers. Major types include styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene, nitrile rubber (NBR), neoprene, EPDM, and silicone rubber. These materials are engineered for specific properties such as oil resistance, low-temperature performance, or chemical stability.

Common applications include tires (the largest single use), seals and gaskets, hoses, belts, gloves, medical devices, footwear, and electrical insulation. Rubber can be reinforced with fillers like carbon black or silica to improve strength and durability.

Environmental and health considerations include latex allergies for natural rubber products, and the use of additives and solvents in production. End-of-life handling ranges from mechanical recycling and devulcanization to energy recovery; ongoing research seeks sustainable sourcing and recycling methods.

In some varieties of English, rubbers is the term for condoms; this usage is unrelated to material properties.