Reaktoritüübid

Reaktoritüübid refers to the different types of nuclear reactors used for power generation and other applications. These reactors are broadly categorized based on their neutron energy, coolant, moderator, and fuel.

One common classification is by neutron energy. Thermal reactors, which are the most prevalent, use a moderator to slow down fast neutrons produced by fission to thermal energies, increasing the probability of further fission. Fast reactors, on the other hand, operate with fast neutrons and do not use a moderator, often having a higher breeding potential.

Another significant classification is by coolant. Light water reactors (LWRs) use ordinary water as both coolant and moderator. These are further divided into Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) and Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs), differing in how they manage steam generation. Heavy water reactors (HWRs) use heavy water (deuterium oxide) as coolant and moderator, allowing them to use natural uranium as fuel. Gas-cooled reactors (GCRs) use gases like helium or carbon dioxide as coolants. Liquid metal cooled reactors (LMFRs) use molten metals like sodium or lead.

The moderator material is also a key differentiator. Graphite is used in some older designs and advanced high-temperature reactors.

Finally, reactor types can be distinguished by their fuel. Uranium-based fuels are most common, but some reactors can utilize thorium or plutonium. The specific arrangement and enrichment of the fuel also define reactor characteristics. Each reaktoritüüp has its own advantages and disadvantages concerning efficiency, safety, fuel cycle, and cost, influencing their deployment for different purposes.