Profylax

Prophylaxis is preventive care designed to avoid disease, infection, or injury before it occurs. The term comes from Greek prophylaktikos, guarding before. It is used in medicine, dentistry, and public health to describe preventive measures.

Preventive practice is often described in three levels. Primary prophylaxis aims to prevent disease in healthy people (e.g., vaccines, lifestyle measures, chemoprophylaxis). Secondary prophylaxis seeks to detect disease early and prevent progression (e.g., screening programs, early treatment). Tertiary prophylaxis reduces complications or disability once disease is established (e.g., rehabilitation and prevention of recurrence).

Clinical applications include vaccines to prevent infections, preoperative or selective antibiotic prophylaxis to prevent infections, and chemoprophylaxis such as antimalarials for travelers. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV (PrEP) is a pharmacologic prevention approach that lowers transmission risk in high-risk individuals.

In dentistry, prophylaxis often refers to professional cleaning that removes plaque and calculus to maintain oral health and prevent periodontal disease.

Prophylaxis decisions rely on evidence, risk assessment, and patient preferences. Overuse or inappropriate use can cause adverse effects, including antimicrobial resistance or medication toxicity, underscoring the need for guideline-driven practice.