Prodynorphins

Prodynorphins are endogenous opioid peptides that are synthesized from a precursor protein called pro-dynorphin. This precursor protein is encoded by the PDYN gene. Pro-dynorphin is processed by proteolytic enzymes into several smaller, biologically active peptides, including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and alpha-neoendorphin. These peptides are found in various tissues throughout the body, particularly in the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Prodynorphins and their derived peptides primarily act as ligands for the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). Activation of KORs by dynorphins plays a significant role in modulating pain perception, particularly in the context of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Dynorphins are also involved in other physiological processes, including mood regulation, stress response, and gastrointestinal motility. Unlike other opioid systems that often produce analgesic effects through mu opioid receptors, the dynorphin/KOR system can sometimes produce pro-aversive or dysphoric effects, contributing to the complexity of opioid signaling. Research into prodynorphins and their receptors continues to explore their potential therapeutic applications, particularly in pain management and the treatment of addiction.