Poseidon

Poseidon is a major figure in ancient Greek religion and myth, known as the god of the sea, earthquakes, storms, and horses. He is one of the twelve Olympian gods and the brother of Zeus and Hades, offspring of Cronus and Rhea. In myths he wields the trident, a three-pronged spear that signifies his power to shake the earth and command the waters. His domain encompasses all bodies of water, as well as maritime navigation and seafaring life.

The etymology of Poseidon’s name is uncertain, and scholars offer various theories without consensus. In classical writers he is consistently described as a formidable ruler of the sea, with dominion also extending to storms, rivers, and horses. His attributes and symbols include the trident, sea creatures such as dolphins, and, in some depictions, horses.

Worship of Poseidon was widespread in the Greek world. Major sanctuaries and cult sites included the Temple of Poseidon at Sounion and the Panhellenic sanctuary at Isthmia, near Corinth, where athletic games were held in his honor. Offerings often included bulls and horses, and sailors and fishermen prayed for safe voyages and favorable conditions. He was invoked in maritime poems, prayers, and ritual processions, reflecting his central role in seafaring life.

In myth, Poseidon appears as a powerful but volatile deity who could aid or hinder mortals and heroes. Notable stories include the contest with Athena for the patronage of Athens, in which he produced a salt spring while Athena offered the olive tree. In Roman tradition he becomes Neptune, influencing later literature, art, and popular imagination.