Poniesiony

Poniesiony is a Polish past participle used as an adjective derived from the verb ponieść, meaning to bear or to incur. It is used to indicate that costs, losses, burdens, or obligations have been borne, incurred, or assumed by someone or something. The term is common in financial, legal, and formal writing, and it describes completed incurrence rather than ongoing obligation.

Etymology and grammar: Poniesiony comes from ponieść and functions as a passive participle that agrees with gender and number. In masculine singular it is poniesiony, in feminine singular poniesiona, and in neuter singular poniesione. In plural contexts, you will commonly encounter phrases such as poniesione koszty or poniesione wydatki, and in some word orders you may also see koszty poniesione. The choice of order can depend on emphasis and stylistic conventions, but the meaning remains that the costs or burdens have been incurred.

Usage: The term is widely used in accounting, budgeting, and contract language. Typical collocations include poniesione koszty (incurred costs), poniesione straty (incurred losses), and poniesiony ciężar odpowiedzialności (the burden of responsibility borne). It contrasts with forms that imply ongoing or future obligations, such as ponoszony or poniesie, which refer to ongoing or potential bearing.

See also: ponieść, ponoszenie (the act of bearing or incurring), koszty (costs), straty (losses), obciążenie (burden).

Notes: Poniesiony is a standard Polish term and should be readily understood by speakers of formal Polish, particularly in business and legal contexts. It is not a proper noun and has no geographic or cultural specific meaning.