Polymerchemie

Polymerchemie, or polymer chemistry, is the branch of chemistry that studies polymers—large molecules composed of repeating subunits (monomers). It encompasses the synthesis, structure, properties, processing, and applications of synthetic and natural polymers, from plastics and fibers to biopolymers and hydrogels.

Central activities include polymerization reactions (addition and condensation), control of molecular weight and architecture, and post-polymerization modification. Common polymerization modes are free-radical, anionic and cationic addition polymerizations; condensation polymerizations such as polyesters and polyamides; and newer living or controlled polymerizations (RAFT, ATRP, anionic living polymerization).

Polymer structure determines properties. Key structural features include chain architecture (linear, branched, crosslinked), tacticity (isotactic, syndiotactic, atactic), and crystallinity. Physical properties such as glass transition temperature, melting temperature, modulus, and impact resistance arise from these features and from molecular weight distribution.

Characterization and analysis rely on techniques such as gel permeation chromatography for molecular weight distributions, NMR and IR spectroscopy for structure, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis for thermal transitions, and rheology for processing behavior.

Processing and applications cover extrusion, injection molding, fiber spinning, coatings, and additive manufacturing. Polymers are used in packaging, automotive, electronics, medicine, and construction, with ongoing research in biodegradable, recyclable, and bio-based polymers.

Historically, polymer chemistry emerged in the early 20th century with the work of Carothers and the development of synthetic polymers, and was transformed by ideas from Hermann Staudinger on macromolecules. The field continues to integrate chemistry, physics, and materials science, with a focus on sustainability and advanced functional materials.