PolymerElektrolytMembranen

Polymer electrolyte membranes, often abbreviated as PEMs, are specialized solid polymer materials that conduct ions. They are crucial components in various electrochemical devices, most notably in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and electrolyzers. The fundamental principle of their operation involves the movement of ions, typically protons, through a hydrated polymer matrix.

The most well-known PEM material is Nafion, a perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) ionomer developed by DuPont. Nafion consists of a hydrophobic tetrafluoroethylene backbone and hydrophilic sulfonic acid side chains. When hydrated, these sulfonic acid groups dissociate, creating mobile protons that can travel through the membrane. The membrane acts as an electrolyte, allowing ion transport while preventing the passage of electrons, thereby separating the anode and cathode reactions in a fuel cell.

Beyond Nafion, research and development are ongoing to create new PEM materials with improved properties. These efforts focus on enhancing ionic conductivity, increasing thermal and chemical stability, reducing cost, and improving mechanical strength. Alternative materials include sulfonated aromatic polymers, composite membranes, and modified PFSA materials. The selection of a specific PEM material depends heavily on the intended application, considering factors such as operating temperature, humidity, and the specific ionic species that need to be transported. Their widespread use is driven by their ability to operate at low temperatures and pressures, their lightweight nature, and their role in enabling clean energy technologies.