Polvenivel

Polvenivel refers to the knee joint, a complex hinge joint in the leg that connects the femur (thigh bone) with the tibia (shinbone). It is one of the largest and most intricate joints in the human body, crucial for locomotion, including walking, running, and jumping. The knee joint is also stabilized by a network of ligaments and muscles, which provide support and allow for a wide range of motion.

The main components of the knee joint include the femur, tibia, and patella (kneecap). The patella is a sesamoid bone embedded within the quadriceps tendon, which glides in a groove at the front of the femur. The articular surfaces of these bones are covered with smooth cartilage, reducing friction and allowing for effortless movement. Two C-shaped menisci, made of fibrocartilage, sit between the femur and tibia, acting as shock absorbers and further stabilizing the joint.

Several ligaments surround the knee joint to maintain its stability. The collateral ligaments (medial and lateral) prevent excessive sideways motion, while the cruciate ligaments (anterior and posterior) inside the joint prevent excessive forward and backward sliding of the tibia relative to the femur. Muscles, particularly the quadriceps on the front of the thigh and the hamstrings on the back, generate the forces needed for knee movement and provide dynamic stability.

Injuries to the polvenivel are common, especially in sports, and can include ligament tears (e.g., ACL, MCL), meniscus tears, and cartilage damage. Arthritis, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, can also affect the knee joint, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. Treatment for knee problems ranges from conservative measures like physical therapy and medication to surgical interventions such as arthroscopy and knee replacement.