Plesiosauriforms

Plesiosauriforms is an extinct clade of marine reptiles that lived during the Mesozoic Era. These animals are characterized by their long necks, small heads, and four paddle-like limbs, which they used for swimming. Plesiosauriforms were diverse, ranging in size from a few meters to over 15 meters in length. Their diet varied, with some species being piscivores (fish-eaters) and others consuming ammonites or other invertebrates.

The earliest plesiosauriforms appeared in the Early Jurassic period, and they diversified throughout the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. They were widespread, with fossils found on every continent. Their appearance, with a long neck and body and a long tail, is iconic and has led to their association with mythical sea monsters like the Loch Ness Monster.

Plesiosauriforms belong to the larger group known as Sauropterygia, which also includes their terrestrial ancestors and relatives like the pliosaurs, which had shorter necks and larger heads and were often apex predators. Plesiosauriforms themselves are broadly divided into two main groups: plesiosauroids, which typically had very long necks and small heads, and pliosauroids, which had shorter, thicker necks and massive skulls. However, recent classifications sometimes use plesiosauriforms as a broader term encompassing both, with plesiosauroids and pliosauroids as sub-clades. The exact phylogenetic relationships within the group are still a subject of ongoing research.

Plesiosauriforms went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period, along with many other marine reptiles, likely due to the asteroid impact event that caused widespread environmental changes. Their fossil record provides valuable insights into the evolution of marine life and the ecosystems of the Mesozoic oceans.