Peroksisomeilla

Peroksisomes, also known as peroxisomes, are small, membrane-bound organelles found in the cells of nearly all eukaryotic organisms. They play a crucial role in lipid metabolism and the detoxification of reactive oxygen species. These organelles are typically spherical and vary in size from 0.1 to 1 micrometer in diameter.

Peroxisomes contain a variety of enzymes, notably oxidases and catalases. Oxidases catalyze the breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids through oxidation, producing hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct. Catalases then decompose this hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen, preventing cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species. This dual enzymatic activity allows peroxisomes to protect cells from oxidative stress and participate in metabolic pathways.

In addition to detoxification, peroxisomes are involved in the beta-oxidation of very long-chain fatty acids, which are then shortened for processing in mitochondria. They also participate in the biosynthesis of certain lipids, including plasmalogens, which are essential components of myelin in nerve cells.

Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles that can proliferate in response to cellular needs and are formed by the division of pre-existing peroxisomes or de novo from the endoplasmic reticulum. Their biogenesis and maintenance involve specific proteins called peroxins.

Disorders related to peroxisome dysfunction are collectively known as peroxisomal biogenesis disorders, including Zellweger syndrome. These conditions often lead to severe developmental issues and metabolic abnormalities due to the failure of peroxisomal functions.

Overall, peroxisomes are vital for cellular health, particularly in lipid metabolism and oxidative stress management, supporting proper growth and development in eukaryotic organisms.