Penicilíny

Penicilíny, commonly known as penicillins, are a group of antibiotics derived from Penicillium fungi, which are molds that produce these compounds as a secondary metabolite. The first penicillin, penicillin G, was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928, and it was the first antibiotic to be used clinically. Penicillins are beta-lactam antibiotics that inhibit the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a key component of bacterial cell walls. This disruption leads to the death of susceptible bacteria.

Penicillins are typically administered orally, intravenously, or intramuscularly, depending on the specific antibiotic and the infection being treated. They are effective against a wide range of bacterial infections, including those caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Haemophilus species. However, penicillins are generally ineffective against anaerobic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and some Gram-positive bacteria that produce beta-lactamases, enzymes that degrade penicillin.

Penicillins are often used in combination with other antibiotics to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria. They are also used in the treatment of various conditions, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and certain types of pneumonia. Penicillins are generally well-tolerated, but they can cause side effects such as allergic reactions, gastrointestinal upset, and kidney problems in some individuals. As with any medication, penicillins should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.