Patronymes

Patronymes are a type of surname that indicates a person's father or male ancestor. The word "patronyme" itself derives from the Greek words "pater" (father) and "onoma" (name). This naming convention was common in many cultures throughout history and continues to be prevalent in some regions today.

In many Western cultures, patronymics were historically formed by adding suffixes or prefixes to the father's given name. For example, in English, the suffix "-son" was used, as in "Johnson" (son of John) or "Williamson" (son of William). Similarly, Scandinavian languages often use "-son" or "-dotter" (though the latter is a matronymic). In Slavic languages, patronymics are often formed with prefixes like "v-" or "-vich" and suffixes like "-enko", indicating descent.

While many cultures have transitioned to fixed surnames, the influence of patronymics can still be seen. In some countries, like Iceland, patronymics are still the primary form of surname, with individuals' surnames changing generationally based on their father's name. In others, like Russia, patronymics are still used as a formal form of address, even alongside inherited family surnames. The practice of using patronymics reflects a historical emphasis on patriarchal lineage.