Paramagnetiset

Paramagnetism is a form of magnetism that occurs only in the presence of an external magnetic field. Materials exhibiting paramagnetism are weakly attracted to this external field. This attraction arises from the presence of unpaired electrons within the atoms or molecules of the material. Each unpaired electron possesses a magnetic dipole moment. In the absence of an external magnetic field, these individual magnetic moments are randomly oriented, resulting in no net magnetization for the material.

When an external magnetic field is applied, the magnetic moments of the unpaired electrons tend to align with the direction of the field. This partial alignment creates a net magnetic dipole moment within the material, which then interacts with the external field, causing the attraction. The strength of this attraction is generally weak compared to ferromagnetic materials.

The susceptibility of paramagnetic materials is positive but small, and it decreases with increasing temperature. This temperature dependence is due to thermal agitation, which tends to disrupt the alignment of the magnetic moments. Common examples of paramagnetic materials include aluminum, platinum, and oxygen. Paramagnetism plays a role in various scientific and technological applications, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and certain types of sensors.