Pakistans

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It borders India to the east, Afghanistan and Iran to the west, and China to the north, with a coastline along the Arabian Sea. The capital is Islamabad, and the largest city is Karachi. The population is over 230 million.

Urdu and English are the official languages; Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, and Balochi are widely spoken. The population is ethnically diverse and predominantly Muslim, with minority communities such as Hindus, Christians, and others.

Pakistan is a federal parliamentary republic. The Prime Minister is the head of government, and the President is the ceremonial head of state. The constitution, originally adopted in 1973, declares Islam as the state religion and outlines the framework of government.

Economy: Pakistan has a developing, heterogeneous economy with agriculture as a major sector. Key industries include textiles, cement, chemicals, and information technology. The country uses the Pakistani rupee (PKR). Economic growth depends on domestic demand, exports, and energy reform, while external debt and balance-of-payments pressures have presented ongoing challenges.

Geography and environment: The Hindu Kush and Karakoram mountain ranges in the north include peaks such as K2. The Indus River supports central plains agriculture. Climate ranges from arid to humid subtropical, and the country is prone to seasonal floods and droughts.

History and culture: Formed in 1947 during the partition of British India, Pakistan has a rich cultural heritage in music, literature, and cuisine. It hosts ancient Indus Valley sites like Mohenjo-daro and Taxila, reflecting long-standing civilizations alongside modern urban centers.