Paint

Paint is a liquid or semiliquid coating that, after application, dries to form a solid, adherent film on a surface. It typically consists of pigments for color and opacity, a binder that forms the film, a vehicle to adjust viscosity, and additives to modify performance.

Pigments may be inorganic or organic; titanium dioxide provides whiteness, iron oxides supply earth tones, and carbon black adds darkness. Binders such as acrylics, alkyds, epoxies, and polyurethanes determine adhesion, hardness, and chemical resistance. Water-based paints use water as the solvent, while oil-based systems rely on organic solvents.

Film formation occurs when the vehicle evaporates and the binder coalesces in waterborne systems or when chemical reactions such as oxidation or cross-linking occur in oil-based paints. Driers, surfactants, stabilizers, and additives help with flow, leveling, durability, and stain resistance.

Applications range from architectural coatings for walls and exteriors to industrial finishes for machinery, automotive coatings, and art media. Surface preparation and priming influence adhesion and longevity, and substrate compatibility is essential. Finishes vary from matte to high gloss, with different resistance to wear and weathering.

Safety and environmental considerations include volatile organic compounds, ventilation during application, and proper storage and disposal of containers and solvents. The development of waterborne and low-VOC formulations has reduced emissions while preserving color, durability, and ease of use.