Oncoprotein

Oncoproteins are proteins encoded by oncogenes that have the potential to cause cancer. These proteins are typically involved in cellular processes such as cell growth, division, and apoptosis. When normal genes called proto-oncogenes undergo mutations, they can become oncogenes that produce oncoproteins with unregulated or enhanced activity, leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation.

The transformation of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes can occur through various mechanisms, including point mutations, gene amplification, chromosomal translocation, or insertion of viral genetic material. Common examples of oncoproteins include Ras, Myc, and EGFR, which are frequently mutated in various human cancers.

Oncoproteins often function as growth factors, growth factor receptors, signal transduction proteins, or transcription factors. Their dysregulation can bypass normal cellular checkpoints, promote angiogenesis, inhibit apoptosis, and ultimately contribute to tumor formation and metastasis.

Understanding oncoproteins has been crucial in developing targeted cancer therapies. Many modern cancer drugs are designed to inhibit specific oncoproteins or their downstream signaling pathways, offering more precise treatment options with potentially fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy.