Oldószere

Oldószere, or solvents, are substances capable of dissolving other materials to form solutions. Most common solvents are liquids at room temperature, although some gases and certain solids can act as solvents under specific conditions. The solvent is chosen for its ability to dissolve a given solute and to enable processing, formulation, or cleaning tasks.

Solvents are broadly categorized as organic and inorganic. Organic solvents include hydrocarbons (such as hexane, toluene, xylene), chlorinated solvents (chloroform, dichloromethane), and oxygenated solvents (ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, acetone, ethyl acetate). They vary in polarity, miscibility, boiling point, and toxicity. Inorganic solvents include water and certain inorganic liquids such as liquid ammonia, though water is by far the most widely used solvent in industry and labs. The choice depends on solubility parameters, target material, and processing conditions.

Uses span many fields: producing paints, coatings, and adhesives; cleaning and degreasing; extraction and purification in chemical and pharmaceutical manufacturing; and analytical chemistry as reaction media or sample preparation.

Safety and environmental considerations are central. Many solvents are flammable, toxic, or irritants. They may emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that contribute to air pollution. Proper storage in labeled containers, ventilation, PPE, fire protection, and compliant disposal are required. Regulations often promote safer alternatives and emissions controls.

Selecting an oldószer involves balancing solubility, reactivity, toxicity, availability, cost, and regulatory compliance. Researchers and manufacturers aim to minimize hazards by using the least hazardous solvent that achieves the desired outcome.