Oksid

Oksid is a broad term for a chemical compound that contains oxygen bonded to another element. Most oxides are formed by oxidation of an element or by direct combination of oxygen with another element, and they occur widely in minerals, ceramics, pigments, and everyday materials.

Oxides are commonly classified as metal oxides and nonmetal oxides. Metal oxides tend to be basic and form water and salts when reacted with acids. Nonmetal oxides tend to be acidic and react with bases to form salts and water. Some oxides are amphoteric and react with both acids and bases. Special categories include peroxides, which contain the O2^2− ion, and superoxides, which feature the O2− ion.

Structure and formation: Oxides typically form crystalline solids with ionic or covalent bonding, depending on the elements involved. They arise by oxidation of elements, corrosion, high-temperature reactions, or combustion processes. Many oxides have high melting points and are electrical insulators; others are semiconductors or catalysts and play key roles in industrial chemistry and materials science.

Examples and applications: Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is central to glass and quartz; aluminum oxide (Al2O3) is used as an abrasive and catalyst support; iron oxides (Fe2O3, Fe3O4) serve as pigments and in magnetic applications; titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely used white pigment and photocatalyst; zinc oxide (ZnO) has applications in electronics, coatings, and UV protection.

Environmental and safety notes: Oxides formed by combustion, such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, impact air quality and health. Some oxides can be toxic or irritating in dust form, so standard safety practices are advised when handling oxide materials.