Ofenbau

Ofenbau, or oven construction, covers the design, fabrication, and maintenance of devices used to generate heat for cooking, baking, warming, or industrial processing. Traditional Ofenbau focuses on masonry ovens built from firebricks and refractory mortars, while modern approaches include prefabricated steel ovens, ceramic kilns, and insulated residential stoves known as Kachelöfen. In many cultures, brick ovens with a curved or domed chamber rely on thermal mass to retain heat and even bake.

Historically, bread ovens appeared in ancient and medieval communities; by the medieval period bakehouses housed communal ovens. The introduction of better insulation and refractory materials improved efficiency and allowed faster heating and longer heat retention.

Construction principles commonly involve a firebox or grate, a heat-conducting floor, a domed ceiling, and a flue or chimney that channels combustion products to the exterior. The heat is stored in masonry and insulation, then radiated or convected into the oven chamber. Joints are sealed with fireclay mortar; doors are designed to minimize heat loss. Materials include firebrick, refractory cement, lime mortar, ceramic tiles, and mineral wool or other insulation.

Applications vary from domestic ovens and pizza or bread ovens to ceramic kilns and industrial heat-treating appliances. Energy efficiency and emissions considerations drive modern Ofenbau, with options for gas, wood, pellet, or electric heat, improved insulation, and compliance with building codes and safety standards.