Nupe

The Nupe are an ethnic group of west-central Nigeria, primarily occupying Niger State along the Niger River, with communities in neighboring states such as Kogi, Kwara, Nasarawa, and portions of the Federal Capital Territory. They constitute a significant population in the region and have a distinct language and cultural traditions.

The Nupe language, also called Nupe, belongs to the Nupoid branch of the Niger-Congo language family. It has several dialects and is used in daily life, education, and local media, with many speakers also bilingual in Hausa or English.

Historically, the Nupe formed the Nupe Kingdom, with Bida as an important political and cultural center. The Etsu Nupe is the traditional ruler. The pre-colonial state controlled parts of the Niger River trade networks and interacted with neighboring groups and later with the Sokoto Caliphate. British colonial rule incorporated the area into Northern Nigeria in the early 20th century.

Culture and economy: The Nupe are predominantly Muslim, with traditional beliefs persisting among some communities. Agriculture—millet, sorghum, rice, yams, cowpeas—and fishing along the river underpin livelihoods, complemented by craft production such as metalworking, pottery, and beadwork. Social life features traditional ceremonies, music, and dance.

Today, Nupe people are found across central Nigeria, contributing to regional culture and politics. They maintain a strong cultural heritage through language preservation, festivals, and civic associations while participating in Nigeria’s national economy.