Neglematriks

Neglematriks, or the nail matrix, is the tissue at the base of the nail responsible for the production of the nail plate. It lies beneath the proximal nail fold and extends distally under the nail root; the lunula marks the visible part of the matrix through the translucent nail plate. The matrix consists of living epidermal cells that proliferate and keratinize to form hard keratin, which becomes the nail plate as it grows outward over the nail bed.

Growth and anatomy: The matrix generates the nail plate continuously, with fingernails growing roughly 2–3 millimeters per month and toenails more slowly. The growth rate is influenced by age, health, season, and local conditions. The matrix is largely hidden beneath the cuticle, making direct examination challenging; its health is inferred from the appearance and growth of the nail plate.

Clinical significance: Injury or disease affecting the matrix can cause permanent or temporary nail dystrophy. Changes in the nail plate, such as ridges (Beau’s lines), leukonychia (white spots), pitting, or discoloration, can reflect past matrix damage. Because the matrix lies under the cuticle, clinical assessment focuses on the visible nail and surrounding regions; in uncertain cases, matrix biopsy may be considered but is uncommon.

Related conditions: Onychomatricoma is a rare tumor of the nail matrix. Matrix involvement is also relevant in melanonychia, where pigment in the matrix can contribute to color variation in the nail plate.

See also: nail bed, lunula, proximal nail fold.