Nanofabrikering

Nanofabrikering refers to the design and manufacture of structures and devices at the nanoscale, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers. This field involves manipulating individual atoms and molecules to create materials and systems with novel properties. It is a multidisciplinary area drawing from physics, chemistry, electrical engineering, and materials science.

The processes used in nanofabrication can be broadly categorized into top-down and bottom-up approaches. Top-down methods involve starting with larger materials and carving them down to the nanoscale using techniques like lithography, etching, and focused ion beam milling. Bottom-up methods build structures atom by atom or molecule by molecule, utilizing self-assembly or directed synthesis.

Applications of nanofabrication are widespread and continue to expand. In electronics, it enables the creation of smaller, faster, and more power-efficient microchips. In medicine, nanofabricated devices are used for targeted drug delivery, diagnostics, and advanced imaging. Materials science benefits from nanofabrication through the development of stronger, lighter, and more functional materials, such as nanocomposites and advanced coatings. Emerging areas include nanorobotics and nanoscale sensors. The precise control over matter at this scale opens up possibilities for transformative technologies across numerous industries.