Mükoolhappeid

Mükoolhappeid, commonly referred to as mycolic acids, are a group of long-chain fatty acids that are essential components of the cell walls of Mycobacterium species, the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis and leprosy. These acids are unique in their structure, characterized by a long aliphatic chain with a beta-branched hydroxyl group and further alkyl branching, often with a second side chain. The presence and structure of mycolic acids are crucial for the integrity and survival of mycobacteria.

These complex lipids are linked to peptidoglycan through a disaccharide bridge, forming a lipid-rich outer layer that contributes significantly to the acid-fastness of mycobacteria, a property used in diagnostic staining techniques like the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. This outer layer provides a barrier against harsh environmental conditions, disinfectants, and the host's immune system. Mycolic acids play a role in the pathogenicity of these bacteria, influencing their ability to establish infection and persist within the host. Their unique structure also makes them attractive targets for the development of new anti-tuberculosis drugs. The biosynthesis of mycolic acids is a complex pathway involving multiple enzymes, and disruptions in this pathway can render the bacteria susceptible to antibiotics.