Mughan

Mughan, also spelled Moghan, is a geographic region and plain in the South Caucasus. It lies along the Aras River, forming part of the border area between northwestern Iran and southeastern Azerbaijan. The Mughan Plain is a flat to gently rolling lowland with alluvial soils and extensive irrigation networks that support agriculture.

Geography and climate: The plain runs along the Aras River valley and is characterized by low elevation and broad, open fields. The climate is typically semi-arid to temperate, with hot summers and cooler winters. Irrigation from the Aras and other local waterways sustains year-round farming in many areas.

Economy: Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in Mughan. Crops commonly grown include grains, cotton, vegetables, and various fruits, with irrigation enabling reliable yields. Livestock farming is also present, and the region supports local trade and related services tied to farming communities.

History and demographics: The Mughan region has a long history of settlement and has been influenced by various states and empires in the Caucasus, Persian, and Russian spheres of influence. On the Azerbaijani side, communities primarily speak Azerbaijani (Azerbaijani Turkish), while Iranian Azerbaijanis are the main population on the Iranian side. The border location has contributed to cross-border trade and cultural exchange over time.

See also: Aras River, Azerbaijan–Iran border, Mughan Plain.