Mrs

Mrs is an English-language honorific used before the name of a married woman. Historically derived from “mistress,” it signalled that a woman was married and often aligned with the husband’s surname. In contemporary usage, the form and its implications vary by region and personal preference. Some married women are addressed as Mrs. followed by their husband’s surname (Mrs. Smith), some as Mrs. followed by their own surname (Mrs. Jane Smith), and others may opt for “Ms.” to avoid indicating marital status.

The traditional distinction among Miss for an unmarried woman, Mrs for a married woman, and Ms for a woman whose marital status is unknown or undisclosed originated in the 17th–19th centuries in English-speaking societies. The practice of referring to a woman by her husband’s name is now considered dated in many contexts, though still encountered in formal or ceremonial address. In modern etiquette, many women prefer “Ms.” or “Miss” based on personal preference, regardless of marriage.

Variations and equivalents exist in other languages and cultures. In Spanish, “Sra.” (Señora) signals a married woman; in French, “Mme” (Madame); in German, “Frau” with surname. The English “Mrs” remains common in formal writing and address, while many institutions and individuals favor “Ms” as a neutral option.

Notes on style vary by region. In American English, the period after “Mrs.” is standard; in some British styles, the period may be omitted.