Motorul

The term motorul denotes the motor or engine in Romanian. In engineering, a motor is a device that converts energy into mechanical work, usually rendering rotational output. Motors may be powered by fuels, electricity, or pressurized fluids, and they are fundamental components of vehicles, machines, and appliances.

Major classes include internal combustion engines, electric motors, and hydraulic motors. Internal combustion engines burn fuel to create expanding gases that move pistons, producing rotation; electric motors use electromagnetic forces to produce torque; hydraulic motors turn fluid pressure into mechanical motion. Turbines are sometimes treated as prime movers in power systems, but they function similarly by converting energy to motion.

Key components vary by type. Internal combustion engines rely on cylinders, pistons, crankshafts, fuel and ignition systems, lubrication, and cooling. Electric motors comprise rotors, stators, windings, and power electronics or controllers. Hydraulic motors use high-pressure fluid, seals, and control valves. Across all types, efficiency, cooling, lubrication, and control systems influence performance.

The concept dates to early steam engines of the 18th century and matured with the development of electric motors in the 19th century. The electric motor, notably the AC induction motor, enabled widespread electrification and variable-speed drives. Today, motors are designed for higher efficiency, power density, and integration with electronic control systems.

Applications span transportation, manufacturing, consumer electronics, and energy systems. Modern trends include electrification, brushless and permanent-magnet motors, regenerative braking, and smart motor control, aimed at reducing emissions and energy use while improving reliability and performance.