MnOs

MNOs, or mobile network operators, are telecommunications companies that own and operate the radio access network and core network infrastructure that provides wireless voice and data services to end users. They hold licenses to use specific radio spectrum and are responsible for network planning, deployment, and maintenance of base stations, backhaul, signaling systems, and core networks. They also manage customer relationships, billing, device subsidies, and service plans.

Most MNOs offer a range of consumer mobile services, including voice calls, text messaging, mobile data, and value-added services. They deploy evolving technologies such as 4G LTE and 5G, and manage roaming agreements to provide service abroad. They typically operate on multiple frequency bands and may use a mix of spectrum assets, network sharing, and global standard protocols.

Market structure: MNOs are usually large-scale operators with nationwide or regional networks. They compete on coverage, speed, reliability, price, and customer experience. They also wholesale access to their networks to MVNOs (mobile virtual network operators), enabling third parties to resell services using the MNO's infrastructure.

Regulation and economics: MNOs obtain spectrum licenses through government auctions or allocations and face regulatory obligations related to consumer protection, emergency services, privacy, and competition. Fiscal considerations include capital-intensive network deployment, pricing strategies, subsidies for devices, and ongoing maintenance.

Examples: In the United States, major MNOs include Verizon Wireless, AT&T Mobility, and T-Mobile US. In Europe, major MNOs include Vodafone, Telefónica (O2), Deutsche Telekom (T-Mobile). See also MVNOs and roaming as related topics.