MVNOs

MVNO stands for Mobile Virtual Network Operator. It provides cellular service to consumers and businesses without owning the wireless network infrastructure. Instead, an MVNO purchases wholesale network capacity and related services from one or more Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) and resells voice, text, and data under its own brand.

MVNOs typically handle customer relationships, marketing, billing, and support. They may supply SIM cards and manage number portability and roaming arrangements. The extent of network control varies: thin or light MVNOs rely largely on the host network for core functions, while full MVNOs operate with more independent core network components (such as HLR/HSS and data gateways) but still lease radio access from the MNO. Branded resellers usually have limited network customization, whereas full MVNOs can offer more features, pricing flexibility, and policy control.

Economics and market positioning are central to the MVNO model. Revenue comes from retail plan prices and value-added services, while wholesale costs are paid to the host MNO. Profitability depends on scale, customer acquisition, churn, and the ability to differentiate through bundles, customer service, and targeting niche markets such as budget segments, business customers, or IoT applications.

Regulation and operations: MVNOs must comply with telecommunications regulations, including emergency calling, lawful intercept where required, consumer protection, and number portability. They rely on the MNO’s network for coverage and roaming and must meet service-level agreements to maintain quality of service.

Technology and trends: The adoption of eSIM and digital onboarding has streamlined MVNO entry and management. The market continues to evolve with growing data demand and IoT use cases, encouraging a mix of full and light MVNO models as wholesale terms and regulatory environments permit.