Misfolding
Misfolding refers to the incorrect three-dimensional structure adopted by a biomolecule, most commonly a protein, relative to its biologically active native conformation. Misfolded proteins can be functionally inactive or gain toxic properties, including the ability to aggregate into oligomers or larger amyloid assemblies.
Causes include genetic mutations that alter amino-acid sequence, errors during synthesis, and environmental stresses such as
Consequences: intracellular inclusions and extracellular plaques, disrupted proteostasis, impaired trafficking, and cell death. Misfolded protein aggregates
Cellular defense includes molecular chaperones, the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and autophagy, which assist folding or dispose of
In research and industry, misfolding is studied to understand protein folding mechanisms, improve protein engineering, and