Mineralstoffverfügbarkeit

Mineralstoffwechsel, or mineral metabolism, refers to the body's regulation of essential minerals required for cellular processes, energy production, osmotic balance, nerve signaling, and the structure of bones and teeth. It involves absorption from the diet, transport in the bloodstream, storage in tissues such as bone and liver, and elimination through the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. Regulation is achieved mainly through endocrine signals and vitamins, notably parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol (active vitamin D), calcitonin, and FGF23, which adjust intestinal absorption, renal excretion, and bone remodeling.

Calcium and phosphate are central to mineral metabolism. The skeleton serves as a mineral reservoir, especially for calcium and phosphate. PTH raises blood calcium by increasing bone resorption and renal reabsorption, while calcitriol enhances intestinal absorption. PTH and FGF23 also influence phosphate handling, keeping plasma levels within narrow limits. Magnesium acts as a cofactor for many enzymes and participates in electrical stability of cells; severe deficiency can affect neuromuscular function and cardiovascular health.

Electrolyte minerals such as potassium and sodium regulate fluid balance, nerve impulses, and muscle contraction. Iron supports oxygen transport; iodine is essential for thyroid hormone synthesis; zinc, selenium, copper, and other trace elements support enzymes and antioxidant defenses.

Imbalances can stem from inadequate intake, malabsorption, kidney or liver disease, or endocrine disorders. They are assessed via laboratory tests and clinical evaluation and are managed with dietary adjustments, fortified foods, and targeted supplementation when needed, under medical guidance.