Mikrogrid

A Mikrogrid, or microgrid, is a localized energy system comprising distributed energy resources and loads that can operate connected to the main grid or autonomously in island mode. It typically serves a defined area such as a campus, hospital, military facility, or neighborhood, and can improve reliability, resilience, and energy efficiency while integrating renewable sources.

Core components include distributed energy resources (solar PV, wind, combined heat and power, small gas turbines or reciprocating engines), energy storage (batteries), controllable loads, and a microgrid controller or energy management system. Power electronics, protection equipment, and seamless interconnection with the utility grid enable safe transition between grid-connected and islanded operation.

Operation can be grid-connected, islanded, or in transition between modes. Islanding occurs when the main grid is unavailable, after which the microgrid must maintain stable frequency and voltage through primary droop control, secondary regulation, and optimal energy management. Automatic transfer switches and islanding detection support smooth transitions.

Benefits include improved resilience during outages, reduced peak demand, potential cost savings, and greater integration of renewables. Microgrids can participate in energy markets by aggregating DERs, support power quality, and enable local control of energy resources for critical facilities or remote communities.

Challenges involve technical and regulatory barriers, protection coordination and anti-islanding, cyber security, capital costs, and the need for interoperable standards. Common standards include IEEE 1547 for interconnection and IEEE 2030.8 for microgrid controller interoperability, with ongoing development under international guidelines.