Microgenerators

Microgenerators are compact, on-site electrical power systems designed to produce electricity close to the point of use. They are used to augment or replace grid-supplied power for homes, businesses, or remote facilities and typically deliver tens of kilowatts or less; common ratings range from about 1 kW to 100 kW.

Technologies employed include internal-combustion engines, microturbines, and fuel cells, each coupled to an electrical generator. Many units incorporate heat recovery to provide space heating or domestic hot water, forming a micro combined heat and power (micro-CHP) capability. System configurations may be stand-alone or integrated with the building’s energy systems.

Operational arrangements vary: microgenerators can operate as backup power sources, or be grid-tied to supply electricity to the local grid and/or participate in demand response. Fuel sources typically include natural gas, propane, diesel, or gasoline; some systems can use biogas or other renewable fuels. The choice of prime mover influences efficiency, emissions, noise, and maintenance requirements.

Benefits and challenges: on-site generation can reduce transmission and distribution losses, improve resilience, and enable more efficient energy use when combined with heat recovery. Drawbacks include higher upfront costs, ongoing maintenance, emissions, noise, and the need for proper siting, ventilation, and fuel supply. Efficiency is greatest when heat recovery is utilized.

Standards and regulation: interconnection with the grid is governed by local codes and national standards addressing electrical safety, emissions, and grid compatibility. Permitting, safety compliance, and environmental requirements shape adoption and operation of microgenerators.