Microfoons

Microfoons, often spelled microphones, are devices that convert sound into electrical signals. They are essential in recording, broadcasting, live sound, and telecommunications, as well as consumer electronics. Core families today include dynamic, condenser (capacitor), and ribbon microphones.

Principle of operation: sound waves move a diaphragm, producing electrical variation through a transducer. Dynamic mics use a coil attached to the diaphragm that moves in a magnetic field to generate voltage. Condenser mics place the diaphragm near a fixed backplate to form a capacitive microphone; they require external power, typically phantom power or batteries. Ribbon mics use a thin metal ribbon in a magnetic field, and electret types combine a permanently charged dielectric with a diaphragm.

Directivity and performance: mics may be omnidirectional, cardioid, figure‑8, or multi-pattern. This affects how sound from different directions is captured. Specifications include frequency response, sensitivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and maximum SPL. Most professional mics use balanced connectors (XLR) to reduce noise and to carry power to condenser capsules.

Applications and care: choice depends on use, such as vocals, instruments, or room ambiance. Condenser mics offer accuracy but need power and careful handling; dynamics are rugged for live use; ribbons are delicate and typically paired with careful preamps. Regular maintenance includes protecting diaphragms from moisture, using pop screens, and storing mics in appropriate cases.