Microbiens

Microbiens, or microorganisms, are microscopic living beings that include bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. Most are unicellular, though some microscopic fungi and algae form simple multicellular structures. They vary greatly in size, metabolism, and ecological role.

Microbiens inhabit virtually every environment on Earth, from soil, water, and air to the bodies of plants and animals. They also occur in extreme settings such as hydrothermal vents, acidic springs, and polar ice. Their abundance and diversity far exceed visible life.

Ecological functions include decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling (for example nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur); primary production by photosynthetic microbes; and establishing symbiotic relationships with hosts, such as gut microbiota and plant roots. They can also cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans.

Studying microbiens relies on microscopy, culture techniques, and increasingly molecular methods, including DNA sequencing and metagenomics. A large portion of microbial diversity remains uncultured, which has spurred the development of culture-independent approaches and bioinformatic analyses.

Human health and industry are closely linked to microbiens. The human microbiome contributes to digestion, immunity, and metabolism, and its disruption is associated with disease. In industry, microbes enable fermentation, enzyme production, bioremediation, and the synthesis of medicines and materials.

Research on microbiens is guided by biosafety, biosecurity, and ethical considerations. Ongoing study aims to understand their biology, ecology, and applications while assessing potential risks and benefits for ecosystems and society.