Metafizike

Metafizike, or metaphysics, is the branch of philosophy that investigates questions about the fundamental nature of reality beyond what is accessible to the physical sciences. It asks what exists, how entities are related, and whether aspects such as time, space, causation, necessity, and possibility have objective status. It also studies issues of identity, change, universals, and the mind–body relation.

Historically, metaphysics traces to ancient Greece, with Aristotle laying many foundational concepts, and it continued through medieval scholasticism, early modern rationalism, and subsequent debates in Kantian and post-Kantian philosophy. In contemporary periods, diverse approaches—analytic, phenomenological, and continental—have tackled the scope and methods of metaphysics, often debating the legitimacy and scientific relevance of metaphysical claims.

Key subfields include ontology, the study of what exists and how it is organized; cosmology, the nature of the universe; philosophy of mind, the mind–body problem and consciousness; and studies of time, space, modality (possibility and necessity), properties, and substances. Metaphysical theories also address grounding, causation, lawhood, and the status of abstract entities.

Methods typically involve conceptual analysis, thought experiments, and argumentative rigor. Critics argue that metaphysical conclusions can be speculative or unfalsifiable, while proponents maintain that metaphysical inquiry provides essential frameworks for understanding science, experience, and the structure of reality.