Mardala

Mardala is a traditional percussion instrument from the Indian state of Odisha. It is a double-headed drum that serves as a central rhythm instrument in Odia classical music, Odissi dance accompaniment, and temple and ritual ensembles. The instrument typically consists of a cylindrical wooden shell with a drumhead on each end. The two heads are tuned to different pitches, producing a higher timbre on one side and a lower timbre on the other. The body is hollow to sustain resonance, and the heads are held in place and tensioned by hoops, pegs, or cords.

Playing technique is typically by hand, using a combination of palms, fingertips, and sometimes light sticks. The right-hand side (often the higher pitch) provides crisp, melodic strokes, while the left-hand side yields deeper bass tones. Players rely on a system of syllables, or bols, to communicate rhythm during performances.

In performance, the mardala interacts with vocalists, dancers, and other percussion, guiding tempo and phrasing. It may accompany classical Odissi pieces as well as devotional music and seasonal temple performances. The instrument is regarded as a distinctive feature of Odishan musical culture, illustrating the region’s ensemble practices and rhythmic vocabulary.

Contemporary makers continue to produce mardalas in various sizes, using traditional woods and animal skins. While standard designs persist, modern refinements address durability and tone. The mardala remains an emblematic and enduring element of Odisha’s musical heritage.